Impact of Walking on Excess Adiposity in Obese Adults

Effect of Walking on Excess Adiposity in Obese Adults The impact and adequacy of a wellbeing walk intercession in decreasing abundance adiposity in hefty grown-ups Conceptual Presentation With the exponential ascent in overall stoutness rates, weight is a non-transmittable ailment viewed as a scourge reason for concern. In addition to the fact that this is because of the physiological decrease prompting untimely mortality yet in addition as a money related weight on society. People meeting the cut-off point for heftiness (BMI > 30 kg m-2) are supposedly at a higher danger of mortality or creating comorbidities than solid weight people. As needs be, the job of activity as a weight reduction procedure must be inspected. Objective To start a mobile wellbeing course plan for a 2kg fat mass misfortune in a stout individual and to additionally explore the effectiveness of activity (for example strolling) as a job in weight reduction. Strategies Subject An, a male (age = 50 years, tallness = 1.77m, weight = 96kg, weight list (BMI) = 30.3kg/m2) was picked as the objective subject for a mobile wellbeing course technique to start lost 2kg of fat mass. Vitality use information was investigated utilizing the subjects known anthropometric information alongside the calories exhausted and span of the stroll as followed and determined by the application MapMyWalk. Results Subject A consumed 379 Kcal (1585.74 kJ) as determined by MapMyWalk for the planned wellbeing course walk. Subject A would need to rehash this wellbeing course walk roughly multiple times to lose 2kg of fat mass. Continuously, this compares to performing 40 hours of this walk course for a 2kg fat mass misfortune. This is certifiably not a reasonable way to deal with weight reduction, particularly in a large individual previously battling to take up work out. Subsequently, different techniques that supplement the strolling wellbeing course should be considered for ideal weight reduction. End Presentation With westernized ways of life being received in creating nations and a developing large populace in the created, heftiness is presently viewed as an overall scourge. Corpulence was authoritatively perceived by the World Health Organization (WHO, 2013) as a non-transferable sickness that requires a viable mediation if its ascent is to be forestalled. In addition, heftiness is likewise the wellspring of other non-transferable sicknesses that trouble society, both monetarily and wellbeing shrewd (WHO, 2000). Planned Studies Collaboration (2009) played out an examination of various investigations that watched the impact of BMI on the danger of mortality. Their discoveries indicated that each 5 kg/m2 increment in BMI brought about a 30% higher danger of mortality. Furthermore, the examination inferred that while other anthropometric measures are helpful, BMI alone is sufficient as an indicator of weight. In spite of the developing vulnerability over utilizing BMI as a legitimate marker of heftiness, there is no solid proof yet reassuring the neglect of this anthropometric estimation (Bouchard, 2007). The standard meaning of corpulence is a BMI of 30kg/m2 (Cole et al., 2000; James et al., 2001). In the event that this pandemic ascent stays unaltered, by 2025, over 18% of men and 21% of ladies worldwide will formally be delegated large (NCD Risk Factor Collaboration, 2016). NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (2016) further recommended that bringing down worldwide BMI numbers creates the biggest medical advantages. As ongoing examination has demonstrated, the critical relationship among heftiness and BMI is to a great extent controlled by adiposity. Malik, Willett and Hu (2013) expressed that over the top adiposity is a significant hazard factor in the improvement of non-transferable illnesses. Bringing down BMI by focusing on adiposity is the most ordinarily utilized strategy for intercession and this is frequently accomplished through either an expansion in vitality use, decrease in vitality admission or a blend of both. An accomplice study performed by Padwal et al. (2016) watched occupants in Canada over the age of 40 years from the primary preliminary, where their anthropometric estimations were taken, up until passings among the subjects were reported. This investigation found that the men in the most elevated muscle versus fat ratio quintile had the most noteworthy danger of mortality and that there was an immediate relationship between muscle versus fat ratio and mortality; a higher muscle versus fat ratio brought about a higher danger of mortality. Additionally, Padwal and his kindred specialists reasoned that adiposity levels higher than a solid worth lessens odds of endurance. Corpulence and a high BMI bring about untimely mortality generally in because of the comorbidities that follow abundance adiposity. A populace based partner concentrate by Reyes et al. (2016) found that being overweight or large altogether builds the danger of hand, hip, and knee osteoarthritis and that these conditions increment in likelihood with expanding BMI. Both diabetes and hypertension are intensified in grown-up life by increments in BMI (James et al., 2001). A precise examination for the Global Burden of Disease Study by Feigin et al. (2016) detailed that over 90% of the worldwide stroke trouble is a consequence of modifiable hazard factors, for example, a less than stellar eating routine and physical dormancy. Feigins study reasoned that managing conduct and metabolic hazard factors, for example, physical action and diet forestalls more than seventy five percent of the worldwide stroke trouble. Chan et al. (1994) examined the danger of type II diabetes mellitus in men with heftiness and significant levels of adiposity. The investigation configuration selected 51,529 U.S. men, all roughly 40 75 years old in 1986, trailed by a five-year follow-up on similar subjects. Non-transferable maladies, for example, diabetes have been for quite some time investigated to comprehend its components. Different investigations recommend that expanded protection from insulin and lessened articulation of the GLUT4 glucose transporter are found in both stout and diabetic populaces (Yang et al., 2005). Chan finished up from the aftereffects of the investigation that there is a solid positive connection between weight estimated by BMI and danger of diabetes. In spite of breaking down the connection among diabetes and different forerunners, for example, early stoutness, abdomen circuit and youth weight gain, the outcomes confirmed that BMI was the main hazard factor for type II diabetes mellitus. All things considered, weight reduction has been proposed as one of only a handful hardly any modifiable components for turning around the metabolic impacts of corpulence and diabetes (Bassuk and Manson, 2005). Numerous examinations have demonstrated relationship between physical inertia and all-cause mortality. Cardiorespiratory wellness is a key marker of oxygen consuming limit and frequently saw as the connection among heftiness, and mortality from cardiorespiratory sicknesses. Wei et al. (1999) considered the connection between low cardiorespiratory wellness and mortality in various weight classification populaces wherein 25,714 grown-up men were analyzed in 1970, with a follow-up of death rates in 1994. Low cardiorespiratory wellness was seen as a solid free indicator of mortality in all BMI gatherings: roughly half of the hefty gathering had low degrees of cardiorespiratory wellness, expanding wellbeing dangers to 39% for CVD mortality and 44% for all-cause mortality. The point of this report is to examine the job of activity as a wellbeing change conduct of a stout moderately aged man to forestall the danger of heftiness related ailments and limit the probability of untimely mortality. Strategies Subject A will be a 50-year-elderly person with a logged stature of 1.77m, with a weight of 96kg and a weight record of 30.3kg/m2. The wellbeing course intended for Subject An included a 2.87 mile (m) stroll at a speed of 16:52 minutes per mile (min/m), which likens to 3.75 mph miles every hour (mph). The walk incorporated a most extreme climb of 327ft and a normal pulse of 144 beats for each moment (bpm). The course includes Subject A to stroll through a recreation center and along a tough pathway around until the subject arrives at the recreation center by and by. Figures 1, 2, and 3 present the weight list estimation, the walk course, the information from the walk course and height from the walk course. Pulses were recorded indiscriminately all through the walk: a graphical portrayal of the recorded pulses at 7 irregular intervalscan be found in figure 4. The changing territory can be seen through the fluctuating pulses regardless of the course being a consistent state, sub-maximal exercise. The outcomes segment and the supplement present the point by point figurings encompassing the information gathered for the subject. Figure 1 BMI determined and ordered through the NHS site Figure 2 Health course information Figure 2 2.81-mile wellbeing course review Figure 3 2.81-mile wellbeing course and further information determined by MapMyWalk  â Results Subject As information with respect to their weight (kg), stature (m), the normal pulse and the span of the stroll (in minutes) was examined by MapMyWalk to ascertain the all out vitality use (in Kcal) of the wellbeing course. The vitality use (in Kcal) was changed over to vitality in kilojoules (kJ) before ascertaining the vitality use of the movement every moment (kJ/min-1). Table 1 shows the span, number of redundancies, and vitality use prerequisites to guarantee lost 2kg of fat mass utilizing the strolling wellbeing course. As per the information, one reiteration of the walk will require Subject A to exhaust 1585.74 kJ/min-1. Moreover, to lose 2kg of fat mass, the walk must be rehashed around multiple times. Subject A Mean Heart Rate (bpm) 144 Rate HR max 84% All out vitality consumption for the wellbeing course stroll as given by the application MapMyWalk (Kcal) 379 Vitality use every moment (kJ/min-1) 32.6 Vitality use for absolute walk (kJ) 1585.74 Time required to lose 2kg fat mass (hours) 40 Time required to lose 2kg fat mass (minutes) 2392.63 Number of wellbeing courses required to lose 2kg fat mass 49 RPE 12 Table 1 Health course information (Refer to the index for the computations) Figure 4 Health course walk: Randomized pulse accounts at

Penetration Test plan free essay sample

A list of chapters: The extent of this Penetration test will incorporate a completely meddling without bargain assault and entrance test on the internet business online application server and cisco center spine arrange that will be during the long periods of 2:00am †6:00am on Saturday and Sunday as it were. There will be no trade off on the extraction of data. A trade off can be included distinctly with Written Client Authorization Only. We will apply a full framework reinforcement preceding assault and infiltration assault in case of framework breakdown or loss of information. This is liable to change at the Clients’ caution. Approval letter: We at E-Commerce Emporia approve Darren Flory, Jason Olea, and James Williams of Hackers United to direct an Intrusive assault and entrance test during the long stretches of 2:00am to 6:00am each Saturday and Sunday until all shortcomings and vulnerabilities are built up, constrained or wiped out. A full framework reinforcement will be started pre-test every week. Any framework disappointment because of testing will be dealt with by E-Commerce Emporia with Hackers United aiding the fixing of the potential issues that emerged. 3. A rundown of customer addresses that you have to reply: When will this test happen? What amount of will this influence my creation handling? Can the test stay away from specific frameworks? How does web infiltration test not the same as system entrance test? Should we educate the IT staff with respect to the test. 4. A test plan scope characterizing what is in scope and what is out of degree and why: The extent of this undertaking is to play out an entrance test on the electronic application server, Cisco Core Backbone Network, and post infiltration test appraisal. Every other angle are considered out of extension. 5. Objectives targets: To discover the same number of known vulnerabilities that can be situated in the NIST helplessness database. An effective test will be to discover and archive vulnerabilities and give answers for right these issues. Exceptional consideration will be taken to limit any potential issues to the system or information. 6. Test plan assignments: 1. Validation †Confirming the individual is who they state they are. a. Validation Bypass Direct page demand (constrained perusing), Parameter Modification, Session ID Prediction, SQL Injection b. Poor Password Strength †Require solid passwords with unique characters, run a test when the clients are making them 2. Approval †Determining the degree of access the client ought to have. a. Benefit Escalation †Attempt to get to jobs the client ought not be permitted to access to confirm they can't. b. Powerful Browsing †Don’t utilize computerized apparatuses for regular documents and catalog names. 3. Meeting Management a. Meeting Hijacking †Use a parcel sniffer to search for these vulnerabilities b. Meeting Time out too long †how simple will it be for a programmer to plunge in before the meeting times out. 4. Information Validation a. Cross Site Scripting †Perform security survey of the code, turn off HTTP follow bolster b. SQL Injection including a solitary statement () or a semicolon (;) to check whether it reports a mistake c. Cushion Overflow Use a language or compiler that performs programmed limits checking. 5. Cryptography a. Frail SSL †Use nmap scanner or Nessus scanner b. Decoded Sensitive Data check whether the information can be perused from outside the system 7. Test plan revealing: Will give the outcome and discovering structure the NMAP, Nessus filters, Damn Vulnerable Web APP (DVWA), tcpdump, wireshark. We will incorporate whatever number suggested fixes as could be expected under the circumstances with prescribed changes in accordance with system or arrangement. 8. An undertaking plan and test plan: Testing will be led between 2:00am to 6:00am EST on Saturday and Sunday as it were. Testing will take roughly multi month. An extra month can be included if necessary and is dependent upon Clients endorsement. Evaluation Questions Answers 1. The 5 stages of the hacking procedure are: a. Stage 1 Reconnaissance b. Stage 2 Scanning c. Stage 3 Gaining Access d. Stage 4 Maintaining Access e. Stage 5 Covering Tracks 2. Recruit White Hat Hackers to test your framework and discover misuses so you can build up an arrangement to ensure the framework. 3. Wireshark, Nmap, NESSUS 4. A programmer could utilize something like email to get somebody to send them their username or secret key just by requesting it in the email acting like they are a chairman. Clean work area strategies can help forestall issues with individuals leaving stuff around their work area. 6. He will cover their tracks by expelling logs, leaving an indirect access for simpler access. 7. Indirect access 8. It relies upon the extent of the affirmed infiltration test. 9. NIST Publication 800-115 10. Arranging, Discovery, Attack, Reporting. 11. An inner infiltration test would most intently coordinate an assault by an associations own representative. 12. An infiltration analyzer ought not bargain or access a framework that is characterized in the conventional guidelines of commitment. 13. An infiltration test from an outside organization without the information on the IT staff would most intently coordinate an outside assault on the organization. 14. The Network Penetration testing is intended to recognize vulnerabilities explicitly in the system. Web Application infiltration testing is intended to recognize security vulnerabilities in the programming. 15. The Security Practitioner has set principles and parameters that they should follow that are concurred on. The malevolent programmer doesn't have these standards and will misuse any framework or asset to infiltrate the frameworks.

Discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Conversation - Essay Example There is a great deal of defilement on the planet which makes individuals disregard the principle issue, which is wellbeing. Underdeveloped nations expanding populace makes it harder for governments to concentrate on one significant perspective which is acceptable wellbeing and legitimate sanitation. Neediness, debasement and uncontrolled populace are some away from for the absence of a sound life in numerous pieces of the world. Notwithstanding, the thought that everything is great in the First World and things are irredeemable in the Third World is an exaggeration. While sound propensities and individual cleanliness are better taken care of in created nations on account of their financial solidness, the way that clinical administrations have gotten very costly in these nations represents a danger to average citizens when they are required to take delayed treatment for their ailments. In addition, the eventual outcomes of downturn make it hard for individuals in created nations to purchase quality food in the worldwide market, while those in the Third World are as yet ready to have sound food on consistent schedule on account of the nearby markets that don’t charge over the top prizes for meat, fish, leafy foods. The facts demonstrate that in places like India, the possib ility of cleanliness in broad daylight submits need to advance in request to fulfill worldwide guidelines. Notwithstanding, huge scope contamination from modern territories that hurt the whole world comes chiefly from the First World, as they move aimlessly towards benefit. When contrasted with this disaster, a way of life change among average folks in the Third World would be simpler, with appropriate mindfulness programs. Issues of destitution can by one way or another be overseen, however the other two issues, of debasement and populace, are to be tended to all the more truly, and a farsighted way to deal with limit them ought to be the need of governments. 2. Giving the methods for a sound life to the world’s individuals is excessively exorbitant. Poor choices are made regular with regards to taking care of our families so as to stay away from such an

Music ethnography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Music ethnography - Essay Example In a unique meeting of one of the locals who professed to have gone to each Pow Wow Festival since he was five years of age, he said the celebration regularly takes an entire week. Though this despite everything happens, the March occasion was not one of the uncommon events that required a week’s festivity of moves, music and culture of the First Nationals of America. Acquiring chronicled data about the occasion that has gotten famous over the ages was simple given the lucky kinship I hit with the elderly person (presumably 76 years). He had such a great amount of enthusiasm for the occasion that his insight into everything about the occasion was more refined than reachable in a social reference book. Abukcheech Adahy clarified the importance of the occasion from its starting point. From the senior native’s information, the word â€Å"powwow† originates from Naragansett term â€Å"powwaw† that has the significance of a â€Å"Spiritual Leader†. It is utilized to portray a social event of Native Americans of any clan. Abakcheech is an individual from the arranging board of trustees for Pow Wow Festival, and he uncovered that making arrangements for the event starts near a year prior to the occasion. Basically, Pow Wow Committee begins getting ready for the next years when one celebration is finished. For this year’ s occasion, the celebration was supported by combination of schools and colleges, American Native Communities inside California, Tribal Organizations, American Native Club and Native American Studies Program. Execution on the event is profoundly arranged and sorted out. The Pow Wow Committee is answerable for making sure about area of the occasion, employing head staff of the occasion and selecting merchants to sell stock identified with the social event. These incorporate nourishments and antiquities just as ensembles and customary clothing that the entertainers use in the occasion. The head staff of Pow Wow Festival is normally picked as a respect to a person’s commitment to the

The Image of the Nightingale in Keatss Ode to a Nightingale and Hardys The Darkling Thrush - Literature Essay Samples

John Keats’s â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and Thomas Hardy’s â€Å"The Darkling Thrush,† though written nearly a century apart, share many poetic elements that allow readers to effectively draw a surface parallel between the two poems. Though both of these poems have analogous stylistic elements, a similar solitary speaker in nature and an overall forlorn tone, it is the image of the nightingale in each poem which ultimately comes to symbolize vastly different ideals for each poet. While Keats’s nightingale is representative of the Romantic ideals of creative and imaginative power in which the speaker can connect/identify with to bring life to his solitary position, Hardy’s thrush serves to accentuate the speaker’s stark and lifeless world, and further alerts both speaker and readers of the incapability of any connection to it that defines Keats’s â€Å"Ode.† Through the symbol of the nightingale representing such differen t ideals in each poem, the poems serve to reflect the vast differences between the eras in which the poems were written. Where Keats’s â€Å"Ode† is largely representative of Romantic ideas of power and connection with nature, Hardy’s clearly marks the end of the Victorian period and the beginning of a new era in which nature and humanity are stripped of their previously lush and deified effects. Though â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† end with vastly different messages, the poems share many surface similarities. In fact, â€Å"Keats’s Nightingale may have been stirring in Hardy’s consciousness when he wrote The Darkling Thrush† (Mays 62), cites critic Charlie Mays’s essay, â€Å"Hardy’s ‘Darkling Thrush’: The ‘Nightingale’ Grown Old.† These similarities, according to some critics, are deliberate, as Hardy intended to use familiar Romantic poetic elements that readers can recognize in order to further set up the divergent message in his own poem. One such similarity between the poems lays in the form and rhyme scheme that each poet develops.For example, in Hardy’s â€Å"Thrush† as well as in Keats’s â€Å"Ode,† each stanza, with the exception of one line in Keats’s poem, is written in iambic pentameter. Though Hardy utilizes eight line stanzas to Keats’s ten, each poet’s use of iambic pentameter creates a poem that flows quite easily and allows readers to focus on the speaker and driving action of the poem. Though typically utilized in odes, Hardy’s choice to write â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† in iambic pentameter serves to again remind readers of these similar Romantic traits in order to further emphasize the disparate message he will later establish in his own poem, which helps to create the sense of irony often present in Hardy’s poetry.Further, both poems operate under a similar rhyme scheme, with Hardy’s eight line stanzas following an ABABCDCD pattern, and Keats ten line stanzas utilizing an ABABDCEDCE form. Again, this simple rhyme scheme is commonly used in Romantic odes, but Hardy’s attempt at it adds to the irony of the message that lies within it. Because Hardy’s poem was written in 1900, well after the composition of Keats Ode, he was aware of readers’ familiarity with not solely Keats’s Ode, but Romantic odes in general. Thus, because these poems share familiar surface and stylistic traits, readers cannot help but to â€Å"keep in mind† Keats’s own poem in their reading of Hardy’s at the time his was written. Along with being structurally similar, both â€Å"Nightingale† and â€Å"Thrush† also focus on the image of a speaker solitarily observing nature and convey an initial forlorn tone and mood. According to critics, Keats actually composed â€Å"Ode to a Night ingale† based on his own similar experience in which he sat alone under a tree, seemingly under the trance of the bird. Philip Greenblatt et al refer to this occurrence in the annotation of the poem, stating: â€Å"Charles Brown, with whom Keats was then living with†¦ wrote ‘In the spring of 1819 a nightingale had built her nest near my house. Keats felt a tranquil and continual joy in her song; and one morning he†¦ sat under a plum tree for two or three hours. When he came into the house he had some scraps of paper in his hand. . . On inquiry, I found those scraps†¦ contained his poetic feeling on the song of our nightingale.’ (Greenblatt et al 903)Keeping this experience in mind, readers can witness the similar stance that Keats’s speaker in â€Å"Nightingale† also takes. For example, in the first stanza of â€Å"Nightingale,† readers are immediately introduced to the subjective speaker and the depressed mood of the poem thro ugh the opening lines, â€Å"My heart aches, and a drowsy numbness pains / My sense, as though of hemlock I had drunk /† (lines 1-2). Through using the first person â€Å"I† and â€Å"my† to convey the opening tone of the poem, Keats establishes the subjectivity in a poet’s work that often characterized Romantic writings, as the tone and overall feeling of a poem is expressed through the senses of a solitary individual. â€Å"Nightingale† is clearly no exception, as the experience and the feelings associated with the poem’s driving action are conveyed through the subjectivity of the speaker involved. The first person description also allows readers to gain a sense of the dejected mood that is present at the beginning of â€Å"Nightingale† through the first person speaker. Through lines referring to â€Å"[his] heart aches† and descriptive lines comparing the speaker’s mood as if he had consumed poison or a â€Å"dull o piate,† the initial tone of the poem—the mood before the speaker describes the nightingale—is established. Keats’s speaker refers to the world using depressive imagery describing, â€Å"The weariness, the fever, and the fret / Here, where men sit and hear each other groan; Where palsy shakes a few, sad, last grey hairs, / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies; / Where but to think is to be full of sorrow / And leaden-eyed despairs† (lines 23-28). Through descriptions such as this, the speaker offers readers a solemn and despondent image of his state of mind and initial surroundings that exist without the presence of the nightingale in the poem. Hardy, in a similar fashion to Keats, also uses the stylistic element of a first person speaker to establish the depressed mood in â€Å"The Darkling Thrush.† Like â€Å"Ode,† Hardy’s poem also opens by focusing on the first-person speaker as he states, â€Å"I leant upon a coppice gate / When Frost was spectre-gray† (lines 1-2). Again, adopting a characteristically Romantic trait in conveying the mood through the speaker, Hardy also focuses on the speaker’s solitude in nature through the lines, â€Å"And all mankind that haunted night / Had sought their household fires† (lines 8-9). Through Hardy’s establishment of the speaker of the poem alone in nature he is again utilizing a pattern that allows readers to recognize the Romantic elements present his own poem in order to later set readers up for his ultimate reversal of these Romantic ideals by the end of his poem. Like Keats’s speaker, Hardy’s speaker in â€Å"Thrush† also conveys a sense of dejection through making subjective statements about his internal state. For example, the lines, â€Å"And every spirit upon the earth / Seemed fervourless as I† (16-17) are indicative of this depressed state. Again, Hardy’s similarity to Keatsâ€℠¢s â€Å"Ode† is his speaker’s subjective offering of the tone of the poem. Readers acquire the overall tone not simply from the imagery used, but directly through the first person. To build upon this mood of angst and solitude that is established at the beginning of each of these poems, another major similarity in these two poems is the thematic concern of death. Though both poems, as readers will later learn, have vastly different interpretations of death, each share a common theme in its ominous existence and sense of inevitability throughout each. In Keats’s â€Å"Ode,† for instance, the speaker acknowledges that death is a regular part of the cycle of existence stating, â€Å"Here†¦ / Where youth grows pale, and spectre-thin, and dies; /† (line 26). Later in the poem, he again speaks about death, yet this time in relation to his own existence and ponders â€Å"For many a time / I have been half in love with easeful Death,/ †¦ Now m ore than ever seems it rich to die,/ To cease upon the midnight with no pain,/† (lines 51-57). To Keats’s speaker, it is clear he views death as a looming presence, as he contemplates his own end in both acknowledging its inevitability and remaining hopeful that his own might be painless, as if it could occur while the speaker was in a brief experience of ecstasy offered through the nightingale.Similarly, the theme of death also seems to pervade Hardy’s entire poem. According to critics, Hardy’s original title for â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† was instead â€Å"By the Century’s Deathbed,† which seems appropriate, as the metaphors and imagery of death pervade almost every line of the poem. Not only does Hardy use imagery such as â€Å"crypt† and â€Å"corpse† in his descriptive verse, but the poem itself was actually composed on New Year’s Eve of 1900. Thus, combined with the speaker’s stance at the â€Å"weake ning eye of day,† the poem quite literally expresses the death of the speaker’s day, the year, and the century. This overwhelming sense of death’s looming presence in Hardy’s poem is again a reminder of its inevitability that is simply so pervasive that each speaker has no choice but to acknowledge and further contemplate it.Keats’s and Hardy’s poems continue to parallel each other with the sudden appearance of the image of the nightingale, a familiar image for poets â€Å"which often had symbolic significance because of its strange habit of singing only in darkness† (May 63). Subsequently, it is the entrance of the nightingale that serves as the turning point of these two poems, as it marks the point where Keats’s speaker is able to connect with the bird and has a euphoric â€Å"transformation† in spite of the forlorn world, whereas Hardy’s speaker is unable to identify with the bird, reflecting the emerging view of his era: nature no longer offered the deep spiritual connection and experience that it once did in the Romantic period. â€Å"[T]he bird is a symbol of the visionary imagination, and hope of identification with it provides the drive in both poems,† (62) asserts Charles May’s article â€Å"Hardy’s ‘Darkling Thrush’: The ‘Nightingale’ Grown Old.† Further, its appearance in each poem as singing in complete darkness around the image of the solitary speaker in nature are parallel features; yet what each poet does with the image bird, however, is the area where these poems diverge, ultimately marking the divergence of Romantic and post-Victorian ideologies as well. In Keats’s â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† for example, the speaker’s identification and experience with the bird is a distinguishing characteristic of Romantic writings. To Keats, the nightingale represents a connection to nature wherein the speaker, th rough poetic identification, is granted a temporary reprieve from the inevitability of death in the world that he contemplated earlier in the poem. With the entrance of the nightingale in each poem, readers can also begin to see a distinction in how each poem characterizes nature. In â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† nature is portrayed as glorified and sensuous, and the speaker of the poem, through the nightingale, is able to connect to this deified state resulting in his own internal experience of ecstasy in spite of the negative feelings that initially surrounded him. For example, Keats’s speaker uses especially sensuous terms to describe nature, referring to the nightingale as singing upon â€Å"some melodious plot / Of beechen green† (lines 8-9). Nature is again characterized in lush terms later in the poem as the speaker describes â€Å"the grass, the thicket, and the fruit-tree wild; / White hawthorn, and the pastoral eglantine; / Fast fading violets†¦Ã¢ €  (lines 45-47). Later, Keats’s speaker again appears to deify the nature surrounding him, describing heaven-like qualities that reflect the earth around him through the lines â€Å"But here there is no light, / Save what from heaven is with the breezes blown / Through verdurous glooms and winding mossy ways† (lines 38-40). These sensuous and glorified images of nature are particular characteristics of Romantic poetry, as Philip Greenblatt notes in his â€Å"Introduction to the Romantic Period,† â€Å"Romantic poetry†¦ has almost become synonymous with ‘nature poetry. †¦ many poems of the period are almost unmatched in their ability to capture the sensuous nuances of the natural scene†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Greenblatt et al 11). Keats’s â€Å"Nightingale† shares in this Romantic feature, as the speaker, through the bird, is allowed a deep identification to share in nature’s plentitude. Most significantly, Keats’s speaker p ossesses the ability to experience a connection to this glorified natural state through the nightingale. According to May, the primary difference between Keats and Hardy’s writings is utilization of the nightingale to connect to nature. â€Å"The focus in ‘Ode to a Nightingale’ is on the plentitude of nature and the speaker’s limitations in participating in it. In ‘The Darkling Thrush,’ the focus is on the vacuity of nature and the speaker’s courage to . . . reject such a connection† (May 63). Consequently, readers can view instances throughout Keats’s poem of the speaker’s â€Å"at oneness† with the nightingale. For example, the lines â€Å"Away! Away! For I will fly to thee / Not charioted by Bacchus and his pards, / But on the viewless wings of Poesy /† (lines 31-33) express the speaker’s desire and ability to metaphorically â€Å"take flight† with the nightingale, leaving the world as he knows it momentarily. This sentiment is again described in the lines, â€Å". . . I might drink, and leave the world unseen, / And with thee fade away into the forest dim: /† (lines 19-20). Again, a speaker’s ability to fully connect to the natural world described is a characteristically Romantic theme, as Greenblatt gives Keats the credit for being a â€Å"Romantic craftsman† in his ability to achieve this connection in his work. Greenblatt explains this Romantic quality of Keats’s writing stating, â€Å"[his] description in which all the senses†¦ combine to give the total apprehension of an experience; a delight in the sheer existence of things outside himself, the poet seeming to lose his own identity in a total identification with the object he contemplates†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Greenblatt et al 879). Identification with nature, therefore, is a Romantic theme that readers should not lose sight of, as later poetry, as evidenced by Hardy, is markedly devoid of this theme. Though Keats’s speaker expresses an initial depressing attitude regarding his current state and the state of mankind in general, it is undoubtedly clear that his identification with the nightingale offers him reprieve from this state. While referring to his connection with the bird, Keats speaker states, â€Å"Though the dull brain perplexes and retards: / Already with thee! Tender is the night, / And haply the Queen-Moon is on her throne† (34-26). Later, Keats describes the ecstatic experience with the bird that he is actually able to gain from this identification with it, even expressing a lack of fear of the inevitability of death, so long as the speaker remains in the ecstasy of the bird. He states, â€Å"Now more than ever it seems it rich to die, / To cease upon the midnight with no pain, / While thou art pouring forth thy soul abroad / In such an ecstasy!† (lines 55-58). To Keats’s speaker, the nightingale offers an escape fr om mortality, an escape that Romantics believed one could simultaneously achieve through a deep connection to nature. â€Å"Thou wast not born for death, immortal Bird!† Keats exclaims. Mays’s article agrees with this escape sentiment: â€Å"The nightingale’s song celebrates natural plentitude; and Keats is able, if only momentarily, to participate in this plentitude on the ‘viewless wings of Poesy.’ Granted, Keats is tolled back to himself and the world of through and change when the bird’s song fades, but he is still left with a valid experience of at-oneness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Mays 65).Ultimately, as Mays notes, Keats’s speaker is taken back to his reality as he bids adieu to the bird and its song eventually fades, but it was the brief experience of ecstasy that Keats’s speaker had through identifying with the natural bird that makes the poem quintessentially Romantic. Though the natural world in both of these poems still holds the concept of the inevitability of death, the ability of an individual to connect to the spiritual qualities of nature represent a brief reprieve and escape. To Hardy, however, the familiar entrance of the nightingale purposely reminds readers of its Romantic significance to accentuate his opposing theme in one’s inability to take solace in nature. According to Mays, â€Å"Hardy purposely took Keats’s romantic view of nature and inverted it to write an ironic rejection of such a view. The resulting reversal of the Keats poem makes an appropriate comment on the end of a century in which poets often saw nature as symbolically full of meaning and value worth identifying with† (Mays 63). Hardy presents nature not as glorified and spiritual, but just as he sees it: cold, dead and unforgiving. To Hardy’s speaker, ‘what you see is what you get,’ and what the speaker sees clearly is in opposition to the lush plentitude that Keats’s speaker wi tnesses earlier. To Hardy, nature is not an object to be glorified, and the nightingale does not have transformative properties as Keats’s does; it is simply a feature in Hardy’s dark landscape; and the speaker does not understand why it is singing. In this view, the speaker’s view of nature in â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† clearly is in direct opposition the speaker of â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale.† For example, while Keats’s speaker describes nature as lush and in sensuous terms, Hardy’s speaker’s description deprives nature of any life at all. Through using imagery reminiscent of death, nature in this poem comes to appear as stark and lifeless—hardly something to be glorified. Hardy’s speaker states, â€Å"The land’s sharp features seemed to be / The Century’s corpse outleant, / His crypt the cloudy canopy, / The wind his death-lament. / The ancient pulse of germ and birth / Was shrunken hard and dry /† (lines 9-14). Again, words such as â€Å"corpse† and â€Å"death-lament† clearly establish nature as devoid of life or spirit, in direct opposition to Keats’s. To Hardy, the thrush itself is also devoid of its spiritual and uplifting qualities that it held for the speaker in Keats’s â€Å"Ode.† For example, while Keats’s nightingale sat upon a lush â€Å"melodious green plot,† Hardy’s thrush rests on â€Å"tangled bine-stems† and â€Å"bleak twigs.† In addition, Hardy’s thrush is certainly not an â€Å"immortal bird† to be revered as Keats’s is, but rather is â€Å"An aged thrush, frail, gaunt, and small† (21). Through these descriptions of nature as devoid of imaginative and spiritual qualities, Hardy’s poem marks a clear divergence from Romantic ideals that Keats so aptly displays in his poem. According to critic Katherine Maynard, â€Å"The image of tangled and over grown stems illustrates humanity’s failure to find in nature a suitable accompaniment to its own human song. . . Neither God nor nature accompanies humanity, comforts or consoles people, in this earthly existence. By dint of mindless vitality, nature, in the form of the aged thrush, sings when a person surely would not sing. . .† (Maynard â€Å"The Tragic Lyric†). The ability of nature to no longer grant people imagination and strength that so characterized Romantic writings is strikingly evident in Hardy’s poems, showing a clear divergence from â€Å"nature poems† such as Keats’s. To continue this concept, Hardy’s speaker, unlike Keats’s, is also unable to find a connection to the singing thrush and the imaginative qualities in nature that it has come to represent. As in â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale,† Hardy’s thrush also bursts into â€Å"a full-hearted evensong† and he later states how the bird â€Å"Had c hosen thus to fling his soul / Upon the growing gloom† (22-23). However, in Hardy’s poem, the speaker is unable to establish a connection with the bird that was so common in Romantic verse. According to Maynard’s article, â€Å"By conventions of symbolism, [Hardy] is, of course, the thrush, but he has not become the thrush. The Romantic Lyric [in contrast] occupies a passage of time during which poet and apostrophized objet draw near to, meet or become one another, after which they withdraw into separateness once more. (Maynard â€Å"The Tragic Lyric). In Hardy’s poem, it is clear that the speaker never reaches this point of ‘meeting.’ He hears the song of the nightingale and sees the image of the bird on the vine above him, yet, he cannot relate to the bird and â€Å"become one another† as Keats’s speaker had; Hardy’s speaker does not understand earthly reason for the bird’s song. This sentiment is elucidated in the lines â€Å"So little cause for carolings / Of such ecstatic sound / Was written on terrestrial things / Afar or nigh around† (lines 25-28). Here, the speaker hears the bird’s song, but because he cannot establish that Romantic connection to it, he takes no solace in the bird’s joy; he does not grasp it at all. Hardy’s inability to identify and thus experience a brief joy through the nightingale is further exemplified in the ending lines of the poem in which the speaker states, â€Å"Some blessed Hope Whereof he knows / And I was unaware† (line 32-33). The explicit statement of the speaker’s own ignorance to the bird’s song demonstrates both the poetic quality the bird represents (â€Å"Hope†) and the speaker’s inability to capture or identify with those feelings and qualities. The thrush, to the speaker, exists in the rest of the forlorn nature that the speaker is surrounded by. In contrast to Keats’s speaker , the bird carries no meaning to Hardy’s because the speaker cannot identify with it. Maynard adds to this theory stating, Whatever prompts the bird’s song is not evident to Hardy. The â€Å"illumined joy† of the song and â€Å"blessed hope† it betokens seem small recompense for the pain men and women endure now and have endured through the century. If the bird sings while humanity confronts the desolation of its existence, the question arises whether nature has any sense—awareness or concern—at all, for the thrush’s joy can only be heard as an ironic comment on humanity’s joyless state (Maynard â€Å"The Tragic Lyric†). Simply, the bird exists in nature and Hardy’s speaker realizes it exists; yet that is all the bird is to this speaker. The fact that the speaker of the poem is denied identification with this bird, an identification that, in Keats’s poem, allows for the brief trip away from one’s ow n mortality, is a theme in Hardy’s work that reflects the change in historical time period. Nature, and a connection to it, no longer signifies the deep spiritual and uplifting experience that it held in the Romantic period. According to Mays’s essay, Hardy’s speaker’s inability to identify with this natural glorious bird as Keats had is indicative of Hardy’s own rejection of Romantic ideology at the turn of the 19th century when he composed his poem. As Mays states, â€Å"the resulting reversal of the Keats poem makes an appropriate comment on the end of a century in which poets often saw nature as symbolically full of meaning and value worth identifying with† (Mays 63).According to critics, the thrush’s ability to â€Å"enlighten† a speaker’s stark world is also how these two poems contrast so distinctly. Charles Lock’s essay â€Å"‘The Darkling Thrush’ and the Habit of Singing† notes on thi s divergence stating, â€Å"In Romantic Lyric, the bird is anthropomorphized by metaphor, transformed into a symbol of the poet and of poetic aspirations. In Hardy’s poem, the thrush remains a thrush†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Lock â€Å"The Darkling Thrush and the Habit of Singing†). The thrush’s song, in Hardy’s poem, marks a bitter irony on the reality that Hardy’s speaker perceives: a cold, lifeless landscape. Again, focusing on Hardy’s divergence from Keats’s Romantic tradition, his speaker is positioned alone in nature with a feeling of emptiness, as if nature can no longer satisfy the individual. Thus, the conclusion of Hardy’s poem is reflective of the conclusion of the 19th century and the views that went along with it. Mays states this change in historical viewpoints most adequately when he says, â€Å"[Hardy] is left at the end of the poem with his harsh awareness of a natural world that cannot fulfill man’s hope for value and meaning, a world that makes the song of the aged thrush an ironic indicator of the distance between the Romantic view of nature at the beginning of the century and the absurd view of nature at the end of the century† (Mays 65). Through â€Å"The Darkling Thrush,† readers can gain a sense of this great change in historical eras and the views and ideologies that come with them. Hardy’s thrush, unlike Keats’s lush â€Å"immortal Bird,† is just that: a withered thrush singing in the blackness. Further, his inability to connect with the bird highlights the divergence between this deep connection to nature that was so aptly felt and described by Romantic writers. Readers are thus left with an emerging Modernist view reflecting the harshness and lifelessness of nature and society at large, which, in the end, is in direct opposition to the Romantic tradition reflected in Keats’s â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale.†Ultimately, the parallels f ound in Keats’s â€Å"Ode to a Nightingale† and Hardy’s â€Å"The Darkling Thrush† are undeniable. Utilizing a similar form and style, their focus on a solitary speaker within nature experiencing a depressed feeling, and, obviously the most significant similarity: the focus of each poem on the image of the nightingale; these poems are strikingly reminiscent of one another. However, with the entrance of the nightingale, these poems take drastically different routes in the significance of the bird to the reader, to nature, and to the time period itself. Where Keats’s deep connection with the nightingale comes to symbolize the identification of a person with the imaginative qualities of nature, thus granting those who partake a brilliant reprieve from the imminence of one’s own mortality; Hardy’s thrush comes to represent a type of â€Å"Romantic failure.† Hardy’s inability to find this Romantic connection to his thrush and to nature itself represents the divergence in themes in the Romantic period from Hardy’s entrance into the Modern era. Thus, while mortality looms in both of these periods, Keats, like many Romantics, can briefly retreat during an experience with nature; Hardy, however, is offered no reprieve. Alone in a harsh world, nature, to Hardy’s post-Victorian audience, is no longer indicative of a Romantic escape. Thus modern readers, like Hardy, have no choice but to accept and continue into an unknown Modern era eerily devoid of meaning.

Inequality and Exploitation in The Grapes of Wrath - Free Essay Example

The child says to his father Why do we have nothing to eat? His father replied Because other men have taken so much for themselves that there is none left for us. Inequality dates back to the beginnings of civilization. Ever since the moment one man discovered a way to have more food than another man, humanity was set on an irreversible course for economic disparity. John Steinbeck is no stranger to the grim situations of the poor. In his novel The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck tells the story of poor laborers in the Dust Bowl/Great Depression era. They face economic and social inequality that deprives them of their humanity and forces them to resort to desperate measures to keep their families fed. These crimes against humanity breed anger among the laborers, and this anger will eventually turn to wrath as they lash out against their oppressors and retake the means to keep themselves alive and well, as well as restore their dignity. Steinbecks story is an exceptionally Marxist one, with migrant farmers serving as the proletariat, and banks and land barons serving as the bourgeoisie. By analyzing The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck through the Marxist critical lens, the reader better understands the plight of migrant farm workers in Great Depression era California. The Grapes of Wrath tells the story of the Joads, a family of tenant farm workers in Oklahoma. Driven from their home by intense drought, changing economic tides, and foreclosure on their house, they pack up and seek a new life in the famous land of milk and honey, California. Along the way they meet many other migrants in similar circumstances; families share what they have and seem to become as one family. The Joads arrive at their destination many family members short, as several either pass away or abandon the family for their own, mostly selfish reasons. Their Promised Land, however, is not the haven they expected: an over-supply of labor forces migrants to compete with each other for wages. The Joads manage to find enough work around several counties to stay alive until Tom, the eldest son and leader of the family, kills a vigilante strikebreaker in anger. Tom is forced to go into hiding. Eventually Tom tells his mother that he is going to help organize workers, push back the s ystem that keeps them down, and bind his soul to that of all oppressed people. With this promise, he leaves. The remaining Joads carry on with their lives through tragedy and sorrow, but remain hopeful, because they are a part of the greater family of all migrant workers who can share the weight of their sorrow. The Marxist critical theory sees the contents of literature involving class conflict as results of economic tensions. According to the Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary Cultural Criticism, Literature or art signifies the class conflict, then, and it is the goal of Marxist criticism to bring to light this conflict as it is articulated in a text (175). In Marxist theory, the proletariat, or working class, provides most of the labor in a society, while the bourgeoisie, or middle and/or upper class, benefit from their labor and live in relative comfort. According to Marx, the proletariat must overthrow the bourgeoisie and destroy all private property. Marxist critical theory aims to analyze class struggles in literature, and the history of how they developed. Readers discern whether a text seems to preserve class differences, or seeks to undermine and eliminate them. Those who utilize Marxist criticism usually have some interest in bringing about social change. Indeed, bringing abo ut social change is a major facet of The Grapes of Wrath. The Joads are constantly under the whim of some entity that seems to hold all the power in society. In Oklahoma, bad harvests force farmers like the Joads to borrow money from banks and become tenants on their own land. Then, when the banks can no longer afford to keep the tenants, they kick them off the land they fought for and replace them with industrial tractors. The principles of occupation and ownership mean nothing to these monsters who breathe profits and eat the interest on money (Steinbeck 32). Likewise, in California the farm owners and sheriffs push around and bully the Joads in an attempt to keep them servile. As Kristine Yee says Preying on the farmworkers need to survive, farm owners use the migrant workers fears against them to the point of oppression (255). Owners attract an overabundance of workers to drive the supply of labor up, and in turn drive the price of wages down. Then once all the picking is done, the owners pay off the sheriffs to keep the now idle worker s on the move and prevent them from setting up real lives. All so they can have their precious profits. In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joads are representative of all the migrant workers who share their situation. In Marxist philosophy they are the proletariat, the engine that makes industry function. An important thing to note is that, despite their importance, throughout the story the Joads are disconnected from what they produce. They grow corn and cotton in Oklahoma because the bank tells them they need to grow it to make enough profit. The banks, of course, are the bourgeoisie, the ruling class that rule over the proletariat. Once the crops are grown, the bank takes away a sizable portion of the sale and leaves the already poor farmers with scarcely enough money to put food in their stomachs, as an anonymous farmer states, were half starved now. The kids are hungry all the time. We got no clothes, torn an ragged. If all the neighbors werent the same, wed be ashamed to go to meeting (Steinbeck 33). Once they arrive in California they sow and reap and pick crops owned by the farm owner s. They never once touch a grape, an orange, or a piece of cotton that they at any point owned, Well it aint yourn, an it aint gonna be yourn (Steinbeck 235). This alienation from their work deprives the migrants of their most basic needs. They yearn for the good fields with water to be dug for, the good green fields, earth to be crumbled experimentally in the hand, grass to smell, oaten stalks to chew until the sharp sweetness was in the throat (Steinbeck 234). If the Joads, the workers, the proletariat were just able to own land and take substance from their efforts, all would be right with the world. This, unfortunately, is not the case. An important aspect of marxist philosophy is solidarity between the proletariat. The reason that the existence of the bourgeoisie is unacceptable is because they are on a level above the proletariat, benefiting from and abusing their labor. The banks are not acceptable because they steal property and product from the tenants. The farm owners in California are not acceptable because they prevent the migrant workers from owning the means to make a living for themselves. Both the banks and the farm owners make their way by manipulating capital, instead of by performing the labor that makes the capital profitable. They live and breath and grow by taking from others. The proletariat, on the other hand, live and breath and grow by giving to and helping one another. As the reverend Jim Casy says I got thinkin how we was holy when we was one thing, an mankin was holy when it was one thing. An it ony got unholy when one misable fella got the bit in his teeth and run off his own way, kickin an draggin an fightin(Steinbeck 81). The migrant families on the road, either on their way to California or in California moving from potential job to job, are like one family. As one family pulls off the road to make camp, other families join them. They share food with the sick and hungry, they all keep eyes on their collective children, they celebrate and take joy from a babys birth, they donate to help for the burial fee of a lost loved one. Use ta be the fambly was fust. It aint so now. Its anybody. Worse off we get, the more we gotta do (Steinbeck 445). The migrant families take strength from their bonds and their oneness with their fellows. One of Marx and Engels economic theories was the idea of surplus value. They believed that the value of a good was equal to the amount of work required to make that good. The proletarians who produce the good, then, should be paid wages that equal the goods value. More often than not, however, the bourgeois capitalists do not pay wages that equal the goods production value, creating what is known as surplus value, which amounts to extra profit. This system of proletariat exploitation is made use of heavily by farm barons in The Grapes of Wrath. One peach farm the Joads worked at paid five cents per box of peaches picked in company store credit, while it was being striked; as soon as the strikers were cleared out the farm planned on paying two and a half cents per box of peaches picked. You know what two an a half isthats one ton of peaches picked an carried for a dollarNoyou cant do it. You cant get your food for that. Cant eat for that (Steinbeck 383). Indeed, the Joads barely made enough money in a day with seven sets of hands working to pay for that nights dinner. There is a fundamental problem with a system in which the employers dont pay their workers enough to afford supper at their own company store. The owners own and do not work while the migrants work and do not own. According to Marxist philosophy, a system that separates workers from what they produce is destined to fall: the proletariat must overthrow the bourgeoisie and take the means of production for themselves, or as Marx himself wrote, The development of modern industry, therefore, cuts from under its feet the very foundation on which the bourgeoisie produces and appropriates products. What the bourgeoisie therefore produces, above all, are its own grave diggers. Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable (9). Many of Steinbecks words reflect Marxs revolutionary prophecy. In one particularly radical quote, he warns to Fear the time when the bombs stop falling while the bombers livefor every bomb is proof that the spirit has not died. And fear the time when the strikes stop while the great owners livefor every little beaten strike is proof that the step is being taken (Steinbeck 151). The migrant s will not rest, will not be satisfied until justice has been wrought. They will not stop until their families can eat and their children can go to school. Every injustice the Joads suffer is another step towards uprising. Every experience they share with other migrants and grow from is another step towards unity. As Sally Buckner says, The wrath grows, a fearsome, terrible wrath, but, as several chapters make clear, better wrath than despair, because wrath moves to action. Steinbeck would have his people act, in concert and in concern for one another, and finally prevail over all forms of injustice. A society that does not support its workers, as the California agribusiness did, cannot last. Either society must right itself through reform or change in economics, or it will be righted by force. The nomadic workers of The Grapes of Wrath are strong individuals and strong as a collective force, but they are nonetheless subjected to cruel injustice and oppression. The fact that their character is enhanced by their hardships does not excuse the treatment through which they were enhanced. It should not be the lower classes destiny to be subjugated by those classes who were able to benefit from that ancient social stratification that forever changed the course of human history. It should not be the lower classes lot in life to have their lives decided by higher classes that seek to enhance their status at the expense of others quality of life. The Grapes of Wrath offers an interesting view into both the inner workings of those who hold power (banks and land barons, etc.), and those who hold no power (tenant farmers, who would become migrant workers, etc.). Examining this unique perspective by comparing it to Marxist philosophy lays bare the flaws of California agribusiness societ y and makes clear the course of action that must be taken by the migrant workers if the system is not corrected naturally. The migrant workers of The Grapes of Wrath fall victim to their own fears: they are afraid of losing their work so they dont speak out against their inhumane treatment. In the novel, it was a preacher, Jim Casy, who finally spoke up against the system and started a movement to help others raise their own voice, because two voices are louder and harder to ignore than one. All the weak and oppressed people of the world can learn from Jim Casy. Individuals are weak, but a group, a unit, a family, is strong. Strong enough to take the food back from the evil men who took it, so that the hungry child can finally eat.

Construct Development and Scale Creation Essay - 1465 Words

Part I: Construct Development and Scale Creation Choose a construct you would like to measure. I picked self-confidence. According to Brown (2004) self confidence is defined as ones ability to rely on themselves, to assert oneself socially, regarding what one thinks and possessing the skills to work independently, based on ones learning from personal experience and the ability to make use of prior knowledge. Self confidence measures include self efficacy, self esteem, knowledge and ability to work out problem situations and make informed and successful decisions, without relying on other individuals. Scaling method for measuring Personal Self-Confidence will entail a survey consisting of 4 questions. Each question will aim at†¦show more content†¦Those participants with higher levels of self-efficacy emerge as more likely to adopt and perform such an action. Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that confidence in ones ability to use the Internet positively influences the willingness to adopt and use SNS, because internal beliefs are associated with actual behavior. Nothing is more important in life than having positive self-esteem and a positive outlook on life. With positive self-esteem, a person can accomplish just about anything they put their mind to. Developing self-esteem starts from the day a baby is born and continues throughout their life, but unfortunately, this development is not always complete for some by the time they are adults. If we have low confidence in ourselves and our ability to succeed, it’s time to take another look at how we can build confidence. First of all, it’s important to recognize and believe that positive self esteem cultivates success. The greater our self esteem, the better equipped we are to deal with life’s daily challenges and stressors. Positive self esteem enables us to handle problems and bounce back from them quicker. Base on the self confidence survey, we can realize that a person’s level of self confidence recognizes that she/he is responsible for the decisions that she/he makes. If a person believes they can achieve something, then they will. But low esteem will pull them down and it will beShow MoreRelatedEssay on Construct Development, Scale Creation, and Process Analysis1202 Words   |  5 PagesConstruct Development, Scale Creation, and Process Analysis PSYCH 525 University of Phoenix Part 1: Construct Development and Scale Creation The construct that will be measure in this paper will be arrogance versus confidence. The construct development, scale creation, and process analysis will determine how arrogance or confident a person may be. 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Life and Work of Maud Lewis, Canadian Folk Artist

Maud Lewis (March 7, 1903 – July 30,  1970) was a 20th-century Canadian folk artist. With a focus on subjects in nature and ordinary life and a folk style of painting, she became one of the best-known artists in Canadian history. Fast Facts: Maud Lewis Occupation: Painter and folk artistBorn: March 7, 1903 in South Ohio, Nova Scotia, CanadaDied: July 30, 1970 in Digby, Nova Scotia, CanadaParents: John and Agnes DowleySpouse: Everett LewisKey Accomplishments: Despite physical limitations and poverty, Lewis became a beloved folk artist, known for her brightly colored paintings of animals, flowers, and outdoor scenes.Quote:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"I paint all from memory, I don’t copy much. Because I don’t go nowhere, I just make my own designs up.† Early Life Born Maud Kathleen Dowley in South Ohio,  Nova Scotia, Lewis was the only daughter of John and Agnes Dowley. She had one brother, Charles, who was older than her. Even as a child, she suffered from rheumatoid arthritis, which limited her movements, even down to her hands. Despite this, she began making art at an early age under the tutelage of her mother, who taught her to paint watercolor Christmas cards, which she then sold. Maud dealt with multiple physical disabilities that left her hunched over. At the age of fourteen, she dropped out of school for unknown reasons, although it is possible that the bullying of her classmates (due to her visible birth defects) was at least partially at fault. Family and Marriage As a young woman, Maud became romantically involved with a man named Emery Allen, but they never married. In 1928, however, she gave birth to their daughter, Catherine. Allen abandoned Maud and their daughter, and they instead continued to live with her parents. Because Maud had no income and no means to support her child, a court required Catherine to be placed up for adoption. Later in life, an adult Catherine (now married with a family of her own and still living in Nova Scotia) attempted to get in touch with her mother; she was never successful in her attempts. Maud’s parents died within two years of each other: her father in 1935 and her mother in 1937. Her brother Charles inherited everything, and while he allowed his sister to live with him for a short while, she soon moved to Digby, Nova Scotia, to live with her aunt. In late 1937, Maud answered an advertisement placed by Everett Lewis, a fish peddler from Marshalltown, who was seeking a live-in housekeeper. While she was unable to perform her job well, due to the advancement of her arthritis, Maud and Everett married in January 1938. Painting Every Surface The painted interior of Maud Lewis home, as it is preserved in the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia.   Courtesy of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia. The Lewises lived mostly in poverty, but Everett did encourage his wife’s painting – especially once he realized they could make a small profit. He procured  painting supplies  for her, and she then accompanied him on selling trips, starting with small cards like those she had painted as a child and eventually expanding to other, larger media. She even painted nearly every suitable surface in their small home, from typical sites such as walls to more unconventional ones (including their stove). Because canvas was difficult to come by (and expensive), Maud worked on beaver boards (made of compressed wood fibers) and Masonite, among other things. These smaller items, early in her career or for personal use, were full of bright colors and designs of flowers, birds, and leaves. This aesthetic would carry over into her later work as well. Early Sales Maud Lewis,  White Cat (2), 1960s, oil on pulpboard, 31.1 x 33.8 cm. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, gift of Johanna Hickey, Vancouver, BC, 2006.   Maud’s paintings, throughout her career, focused on scenes and items out of her own life, experiences, and surroundings. Animals appeared frequently, mostly domestic or farm animals such as cows, oxen, cats, and birds. She also portrayed outdoor scenes: boats on the water, winter sleigh or skating scenes, and similar moments of ordinary life, often with a playful and cheerful tone. The greeting cards of her youth came back again, this time as inspiration for her later paintings. Bright, pure colors are a hallmark of her paintings; in fact, she was known to never blend colors, but only use the oils as they came originally in their tubes. Most of her paintings are quite small, not exceeding eight by ten inches. This is mostly due to the constraints of her arthritis: she could only paint as far as she could move her arms, which was increasingly limited. However, there are a few of her paintings that are larger than that, and she was commissioned to paint a large set of shutters by American cottage owners in the early 1940s. Gaining Wider Attention Maud Lewis,  Fall Scene with Deer,  c. 1950, oil on pulpboard, 29.5 x 34.9 cm. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, purchase 1974. During her lifetime, Maud’s paintings did not sell for large amounts. By the late 1940s, tourists had begun to stop at the Lewises’ home to purchase her paintings, but they rarely sold for more than a few dollars. In fact, they wouldn’t sell for even close to ten dollars until the final years of her life. The Lewises continued to live a meager existence, with Everett taking on the lion’s share of work around the house as Maud’s arthritis continued to degenerate her mobility. Despite the attention of the occasional tourist, Lewis’s work remained fairly obscure for the majority of her life. All that changed in 1964, when the Toronto-based national newspaper  Star Weekly  wrote an article about her as a folk artist and brought her to the attention of audience across Canada, who quickly embraced her and her work. The attention only increased the following year, when the broadcasting network CBC featured her on its program  Telescope, which featured Canadians of varying degrees of notoriety who had made a difference in some way. In the final years of her life and following these major public mentions, Lewis was on the receiving end of commissions from a wide array of important figures – most notably, American president  Richard Nixon  commissioned a pair of paintings from her. She never left her home in Nova Scotia and was unable to keep up with the demand for artwork. Death and Legacy Maud Lewis,  Maud Lewis House, mixed media, 4.1 x 3.8 m. Collection of the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia, purchased by the Province of Nova Scotia, 1984.   Maud’s health continued to deteriorate, and in the late 1960s, she spent most of her shuttling between painting in her home and visiting the hospital for treatment. Her declining health was exacerbated by the wood smoke of their home and the constant exposure to paint fumes without proper ventilation, and the lung issues this caused left her susceptible to pneumonia. She died on July 30, 1970, after battling pneumonia. After her death, demand for her paintings skyrocketed, as did the appearance of forgeries. Several paintings purported to be Maud’s were eventually proven to be fakes; many are suspected to be the handiwork of her husband Everett in an attempt to continue cashing in on her prominence. In recent years, Maud’s paintings have only grown more valuable. She has become something of a folk hero in her home province of Nova Scotia, which has long embraced artists with authenticity and unusual styles, and in Canada as a whole. In the 21st  century, her paintings have sold at prices well into five figures. After Everett’s death in 1979, the Lewises’ house began to fall into disrepair. In 1984, it was purchased by the Province of Nova Scotia, and the Art Gallery of Nova Scotia took over the care and preservation of the house. It now dwells in the gallery as part of a permanent exhibit of Maud’s works. Her paintings have made her a folk hero among the Canadian art community, and the bright joyfulness of her style, combined with the humble, often harsh realities of her life, have resonated with patrons and fans worldwide. Sources Bergman, Brian. â€Å"Paying Tribute To Painter Maud Lewis.†Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia, https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/paying-tribute-to-painter-maud-lewis/Stamberg, Susan. â€Å"Home Is Where The Art Is: The Unlikely Story of Folk Artist Maud Lewis.†Ã‚  NPR, https://www.npr.org/2017/06/19/532816482/home-is-where-the-art-is-the-unlikely-story-of-folk-artist-maud-lewisWoolaver, Lance.  The Illuminated Life of Maud Lewis. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing, 1995.

Skill, Ability, and Technique in Sports Essays - 946 Words

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Ethical Issues of Human Test Subjects Essay - 1215 Words

Ethical Issues of Human Test Subjects As we achieve burgeons of new technologies, we must also face the irreprehensible sacrifices. The old scientific adage reminds us that no trial can go without error. Many of the present day technologies may prove beneficial but the processes of development and discovery often come at high prices. Countless experiments have been conducted in the names of science and the advancement of mankind. Regardless of their outcomes, these experiments require some form of a test subject. Any life sustaining test subject has been the root of many ethical issues, with human test subjects being one of the most controversial. Granted the advantageous products of labor, the definition for what we, as moral†¦show more content†¦So little was known about plutonium, uranium, and the like. But thermal and chemical reactions provided some insight into the strength of their capabilities. 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Aspirin Sample free essay sample

Lab Report Introduction This lab has the following two concepts: synthesis of acetylsalicylic acid and analysis of acetylsalicylic acid. Synthesis is a purposeful execution of chemical reactions to obtain a product. This concept is used in the first part of the lab; when we have to produce crystals of aspirin. Analysis is the separation, identification, and quantification of the chemical components of natural and artificial materials. This concept is used throughout the lab when we are analyzing different reactions that are happing during the duration of the lab. The goal of this lab is to synthesize a sample of acetylsalicylic acid, otherwise known as aspirin. This is the most important goal of the lab. This, however, has side goals that go along with the main one. One is finding the percent yield of the synthesis. Another is measuring the melting point of the aspirin sample, which will in turn indicate the purity of the sample. The last is conducting a colorimetric analysis on the aspirin sample. The educational goals of this lab are to find the structural formulas for salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, and aspirin and to use these structural formulas to construct a reaction equation by describing the synthesis of aspirin. In addition, you have to be able to use your percent purity calculations to determine the percent yield of your synthesis of aspirin. Methods and Materials Part I: Synthesis Aspirin Goggles were obtained and put on before entering the lab area. 2. 0 grams of salicylic acid should be measured and placed into a 125 mL Erlenmeyer flask. 5. 0 mL of acetic anhydride and 5 drops of 85% phosphoric acid was added to the Erlenmeyer flask. Drops of distilled water were added to rinse down bits of solids that were on inner wall of the flask. Mixture was heated on the hot plate for fifth-teen minutes, at 75 degrees Celsius. Two mL of distilled water was added 10 minutes into heating. Buchner funnel and filter were set up for the filtration process. Reaction was completed and 20 mL of distilled water was added to the flask. Flask was cooled for 5 minutes in an ice bath. Aspirin crystals were formed after cooling of the flask. Contents were transferred into Buchner funnel assembly. The mixture was filtered with the assistance of the vacuum. When all liquid had drained out, suction was stopped. Then 5 mL of cold distilled water was added and after 15 seconds the vacuum was turned back on. This procedure was repeated two more times in the same manner. Aspirin crystals were stored in a safe place for purity test. Part II: Test the Melting Temperature of an Aspirin Sample Temperature Probe was connected to the Lab Quest deceive and new file was opened. About 0. 2 grams of aspirin was placed into the mortar. The pestle was used to pulverize the aspirin inside the mortar. A capillary tube was obtained. Aspirin was packed to the 1 cm marked inside the capillary tube. Capillary tube was fastened to the temperature probe by a rubber band. A mineral bath was heated up on the hot plate. Capillary tube-Temperature Probe was immersed inside mineral oil bath. The melting point was recorded as precise as possible. A second test was conducted with a new sample of aspirin in a new capillary tube. Part III: Test the Colorimetric Absorbance of an Aspirin Sample Next, about 0. 20 g of salicylic acid was recorded. It was then transferred to a 250mL beaker and 10mL of 95% ethanol was added and swirled until it was all dissolved. 150mL of distilled water was then added and mixed with the solution in the beaker. The contents were then placed into a 250mL volumetric flask. Distilled water was added until it hit the 250mL mark on the flask. The molar concentration was calculated and recorded. Next, four standard solutions of varying concentrations were created. 100mL of the standard solution was prepared with 10mL of the previously made solution into a volumetric flask. 0. 025 M Fe(NO3)3 solution was added to make precisely 100mL. The first trial used 10. 0mL salicylic acid and 0mL water, the second used 7. 5mL salicylic acid and 2. 5mL water, the third used 5. 0mL salicylic acid and 5. 0mL water, and the fourth used 2. 5mL salicylic acid and 7. 5 mL water. Now the calorimeter was used to collect data. The cuvette was removed and the water inside of it was removed and it was rinsed out twice. Next the device was calibrated. Afterwards, use each of the four solutions, separately, and place it in the cuvette to determine the molar concentration. This is repeated until all needed concentrations are found. Next the graph of absorbance vs. concentration was viewed on the LabQuest. Each point on the graph shows the concentration as well as absorbance. The results were recorded. â€Å"Curve Fit† was selected from the Analyze menu. Linear as the Fit Equation was selected and the equation was recorded. Next, the aspirin sample was prepared for testing. 0. 40g of the sample was massed and transferred to the 250mL beaker. 10mL of 95% ethanol and 150mL distilled water was added and mixed into the solution. This solution was put from the 250mL volumetric flask to a 100mL volumetric flask. 0. 025 M Fe(NO3)3 was added until there was precisely 100mL in the flask. Next the absorbance of the aspirin was recorded using the calorimeter. The cuvette was filled 3/4 with the sample. It was then placed into the device and measured. This was repeated two times. All of the materials were then cleaned up, put away, and discarded as directed Results Part I: Synthesis of Aspirin Sample Trial 1 Mass of Salicylic acid used (g) Volume of acetic anhydride used (mL) Mass of acetic anhydride used (vol *1. 08 g/ml) Mass of aspirin synthesized (g) Trial 1 Mass of Salicylic acid used (g) Volume of acetic anhydride used (mL) Mass of acetic anhydride used (vol *1. 08 g/ml) Mass of aspirin synthesized (g) Part II: Melting Temperature Data Trial 1 Melting Temperature (Celsius ) Trial 1 Melting Temperature (Celsius ) Part III Salicylic Acid Standard Stock Solution Sample Initial mass of salicylic acid Moles of salicylic acid (mol) Intial molarity of salicylic acid (M) Initial mass of salicylic acid Moles of salicylic acid (mol) Intial molarity of salicylic acid (M) Part III Beer’s Law Data for Salicylic Acid for Sample Standard Solutions Trial Concentration (M)Absorbance 1 2 3 4 Trial Concentration (M)Absorbance 1 2 3 4 Best-fit line equation or the salicylic acid standards Best-fit line equation or the salicylic acid standards Test of the Purity of the Synthesize Sample Aspirin Initial mass of aspirin sample (g) Absorbance of aspirin sample Moles of salicylic acid in aspirin sample (mol) Mass of salicylic acid in aspirin sample (g) Mass of aspirin in sample (g) Percent aspirin in sample (%) Initial mass of aspirin sample (g) Absorbance of aspirin sample Moles of salicylic acid in aspirin sample (mol) Mass of salicylic acid in aspirin sample (g) Mass of aspirin in sample (g) Percent aspirin in sample (%) Questions and Calculations 1. What is the theoretical yield of aspirin in your synthesis? The mole ratio is 1:1 between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in this reaction. 2. The melting temperature of pure acetylsalicylic acid is 135 degrees Celsius. Based on the results of the melting temperature test, what is the percent purity of your sample of aspirin? 3. Based on the results of the absorbance testing with the colorimeter, what is the percent purity of your sample of aspirin? Does this percent purity compare well with the results of the melting temperature test? Explain. 4. Use your percent purity calculations to determine the percent yield of your synthesis of aspirin. 5. Use your test, or another suitable resource, to find the structural formula for salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, and aspirin. Use these structural formulas to construct to construct a reaction equation describing the synthesis of aspirin. Questions and Calculations of Sample Numbers 1. What is the theoretical yield of aspirin in your synthesis? The mole ratio is 1:1 between salicylic acid and acetic anhydride in this reaction. 2. The melting temperature of pure acetylsalicylic acid is 135 degrees Celsius. Based on the results of the melting temperature test, what is the percent purity of your sample of aspirin? 3. Based on the results of the absorbance testing with the colorimeter, what is the percent purity of your sample of aspirin? Does this percent purity compare well with the results of the melting temperature test? Explain. 4. Use your percent purity calculations to determine the percent yield of your synthesis of aspirin. 5. Use your test, or another suitable resource, to find the structural formula for salicylic acid, acetic anhydride, and aspirin. Use these structural formulas to construct to construct a reaction equation describing the synthesis of aspirin. Discussions My beginning question before I started this lab was â€Å"What will happen if you do not measure and record the absorbance of the treated aspirin sample within five minutes? † I did not get an answer to my question because I recorded and measured my aspirin way under the five minute period. If I did go over, however, I would think that my substance would become useless and I would have to start all over again. Also in the direction it says that this aspirin must be done quickly. Another question that came to my prior to starting the lab was â€Å"Does adding distilled water affect the overall purity of the substance? † In my case, yes adding distilled water does affect the overall purity of the aspirin. Why? That’s because throughout the lab I had to constantly add more distilled water. In part II when we had to but the crystals into the funnel, in my case the crystals were frozen to the bottom. So I had to keep adding water for it to come out and I had to add even more water to get out the crystals that were stuck on the side of the funnel. Although I followed the directions to the best of my ability, they were quite confusing which caused numerous amounts of errors. It was all going well until part II, which involved the capillary tube. This part was absolutely ridiculous because it was extremely difficult to get the beat up aspirin inside the tube. Once we finally got it filled and put it in the mineral oil bath, the rubber band melted before the aspirin; which made no sense. After many try however, we finally got it all to work in our favor and got a pretty good melting point. Another error that occurred in my lab due to the direction was in the preparation of the stock salicylic. The way it was written kept confusing me, so much that I took me five times to finally make the solution properly. It was not only a waste of material but also time. There were also case that were out of my reach. The first being the evacuating of the room because someone solution started to smoke up. Also, the unexpected fire drill that throw almost everybody off. In my opinion to avoid all of this, the lab should be split into two days. The first day being Part 1 and 2 because that took a little less than 2 hours. The next day only consisting of part 3 because it was extremely complicating. My overall performance in this lab was a little above average. It seemed that I had a good start because I got an amazing yield on my overall aspirin crystal. In my opinion if I could have somehow avoided all the errors that caused me to waste my time, the lab would have been a success. Conclusion In the end, this lab helped me understand some key concepts that I didn’t have a good understanding of before. This also helped me important laboratory procedures and techniques. I also learned a very important lesson; which was that you need to read the lab more than just once or else you will not be able to conduct it smoothly. Other than that, this lab was a very interesting type of learning experience and I hope we do many labs like this in the future.